ENGLISH VOCABULARY ELEMENTS. This page intentionally left blank. ENGLISH VOCABULARY ELEMENTS. William R. Leben. Second edition. UNIVERSITY PRESS. UNIVERSITY PRESS. Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further. Oxford University's objective of excellence. No part of this publication may be reproduced. Oxford University Press. Kessler, Brett, 1. II. Leben. William Ronald, 1. III. It also aims to provide an introduction of how units of a language . Part or all of the text may also be used to good effect in. English for Foreign Students and English as a Second Language (ESL) courses. It. is also recommended for those interested in preparing for educational aptitude. PSAT, SAT, ACT. GRE, LSAT, MCAT, and MAT) that test vocabulary skills. If this list seems broad. English language. The list is, of course, not meant to. To make sense of current English word structure and. English since its beginnings. This in turn leads to further topics. English to other Indo- European. 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As a result, the book provides an introduction to some of the most. English vocabulary. Following. them are a variety of exercises to choose from. Some help build familiarity with. Others apply principles from the. We hope these will encourage you to master the material. Thanks to. Suzanne Kemmer, an excellent set is available on the Web at http: //dacnet. Flash. Cards/. Other approaches. You may also find it useful to consult. Also accessible through http: //bartleby. Also accessible at http: //www. Using a dictionary effectively is a skill that must be learned. It is important. to become familiar with the basic layout of any dictionary you use. Most good. dictionaries make this task easier by presenting explanations of entries, lists. We recommend that. These. are invaluable for many kinds of searches (e. We recom- . mend these not as a substitute but as a supplement to a print version, if only. When you come across an unfamiliar word or element, it. Learning to look for and recognize the elements and words you. We will judge the text as successful if the groundwork laid. All are incorporated in. CD- ROM and in the online version at http: //www. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam- Webster, 1. See also http: //www. Also accessible at http: //. The course that led to this book owes. Structure of English Words, by Clarence Sloat. Sharon Taylor, 7 and to course materials prepared by Robert Stockwell, and. We are also grateful. John. J. David Placek, Robert Vago, and the late R. Hall, who offered. Special thanks to Suzanne Kemmer. Joan Maling, Joe Meyers, Nasreen Sarwar, and many students over the past eleven. Thanks also to Daniel Leben- Wolf for. We dedicate the second edition to his memory. The boldface parts of the words beside each symbol illustrate. Phonetics. Un- . less otherwise noted, the keywords are to be given current standard American. The phonetic symbols used here are those of the International. Phonetic Association (IPA). When these symbols are used, they are enclosed. Further information about this phonetic alphabet is available in the Handbook of the Interna- . Phonetic Association (Cambridge University Press, 1. Many North Americans do not distinguish /a/ and /d/ in their speech, so that hock and hawk. For American English the mark is not. For example, if we wish to note. The same applies to word. The mark x before a word means that it is ungrammatical. The mark * before a word or element means that it is. Prefixes and stems are cited with a trailing. It is the mother tongue of several hundred. Its rich verbal art, great works in science and scholarship, and. English the most. In North America, Europe, Asia, Africa. English is not most people's first language. Webster's Third New Interna- . Dictionary contains 4. No other language comes close to English in a count of general. German runs a distant second with under 2. According. to Robert Claiborne, 1 the largest dictionary of French has about 1 5. Russian dictionary maybe 1. Our Marvelous Native Tongue: The Life and Times of the English Language (New York: Three Rivers. Press, 1. 98. 7). Although. it may be true that any concept can be expressed in any language, a language can. Thanks to the well- developed word stock of English, English speakers have. The expressive power of language is enormous, and every time. This may make you wonder why. Some seem to react to. As versatile. as the language already is, the supply of words is ever on the rise, with their. These are the facts that we deal. Although we cannot expect the language to always oblige us in. If we learn the rules that. We will find that some aspects of the study of. It will also come in handy to understand how English came to be the way. English has drawn on to reach its present position. We have a wealth of words that are nearly. For example, deciding. The judge's decision restricted Tom's rights. George gave Kim a smile and then went back to reading. Certainly fatherly and paternal share the same basic meaning or. Connotation includes factors such as. Paternal is a more stylistically formal choice. Fatherly connotes idealized qualities of fatherhood. English provides many means for creating new words. If our dictionary. To fill the need for, say. The author. must pre- edit the manuscript. If we invent a device for examining wings and recognize that in many words. It is hard to. imagine a new idea that couldn't be expressed by combining English words or. The number of possible combinations of word. English require that dictionary editors restrict themselves. Dictionaries are therefore always at least. In addition, the use of many words is restricted to specific domains. Many of these terms never. Although some of these words. In the course of this book we hope to build a greater sense of secu- . We all like to think of ourselves as making informed. We all would like to move freely between the informal, formal. English. Consequently, we can expect to find clues to its character in the. Indeed, English has a history as rich as its vocabulary. The most important. English vocabulary has been the ease with. The word clique, for example, was taken into English from French around. Since that time, clique has become a familiar English word. It has. been incorporated into the language to such an extent that it participates in. In. fact, English now has many more words derived from clique than French does. Otto Jespersen, Growth and Structure of the English Language, 1. Understanding why English vocabulary is as rich and. In a sense, this allowed fatherly to . This is the general pattern with native and borrowed synonyms. A few additional. With its wealth of native and foreign resources, English vocabulary has. Specialized and technical terminology, which. Latin and Greek, are the. It is the name of a lung disease caused. This word. seldom sees serious use, but it illustrates the lengths to which innovation using. Although perhaps bewildering at first, this. It is made up of. The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed., unabridged (New York: Random. House, 1. 98. 7). These include pneumon (which is. The most un- . familiar element of the word is coni, which means 'dust' in specialized terms. It is also related to the element tin 'ashes' in incinerate. So pneumon- . o- ultra- microscopic- silic- o- volcan- o- coni- osis literally means 'lung- extremely- . The same system that we use to parse. Long words need not be intimi- . In fact, the longer a word, the more likely it is that we can take it apart. You may or may not want. For example. compare the words. ENGLISH VOCABULARY ELEMENTS. All three derive historically from cap, a Latin word element meaning 'head'. It is. easy to see the connection in meaning between them if you think of them as 'the. Furthermore, English borrowed all three words from. French, which in turned borrowed or inherited them from Latin. Why then is. the word element spelled and pronounced differently in the three words? French adapted it from Latin in the thirteenth century. English borrowed it from French in the fourteenth. The sounds /k/ and /p/. English since that time, and so the Latin element cap- /kap/. As mentioned earlier. French developed from Latin, with the grammar and vocabulary being passed down. Words passed down in. English borrowed the word chief. French in the thirteenth century, even earlier than it borrowed captain. Across the vocabulary, certain /k/ sounds and /p/. J7 and HI sounds, respectively, so that cap- became chief. It was. this form that English borrowed from French. Subsequently English also bor- . Thanks to the linguistic evolution of French and. English propensity to borrow words from that language, a single Latin word. Roman times, now appears. English in three very different guises. Old French refers. French, up to about 1. English borrowed a great. Modern French began in 1. Both semi- and hemi- mean 'half. This cor- . respondence of /h/ in one to I si in the other results from the fact that Greek and. Latin are related languages, that is, they share a common ancient vocabulary. Over a long period of time, the two languages. We discuss the nature of language relationships and sound changes. Knowing something about their historical development. In later chapters. As we come across examples in. English pronunciations and words have changed over time, we also run into. ENGLISH VOCABULARY ELEMENTS. We also note that usage varies greatly. We confront the issue of how to use sophisticated. We treat phonetics and phonol- . Word structure often correlates with. For example, if you realize the words pyromaniac and antipyretic. Similarly, if you know that. Even though accommodate is one of. However, learning one of them will. Many students find that. Notice that when. Greek elements appear in a word, they are separated by an < o> , especially if the. Another clue that some of these. Greek rather than Latin is the spelling: Latin elements rarely if ever. Latin elements rarely have < y> except at. The digraphs < ch> and < th> also occur in native English. Greek origin when it is pronounced /k/. For example, a bicycle is not a living.
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